Can melatonin cause coughing - Enjoy the soothing aroma to help find a sense of peace before going to sleep. How to use? $20.00. Select Size. More Product = More Savings: 1-Pack $20/diffuser 3-Pack $13.3/diffuser $20 OFF 6-Pack $10/diffuser $60 OFF+FREE SHIP 12-Pack $8.3/diffuser $140 OFF+FREE SHIP. Add to Cart.

 
Nocturnal Asthma. Asthma is a condition in which a person's bronchial tubes become swollen. The bronchial tubes are the body's airways and allow air to move into and out of the lungs. As the airways swell, they lead to symptoms like wheezing, coughing, chest tightness, and shortness of breath.. Ga lottery claimed prizes

While there is no clear upper limit for melatonin, experts generally recommend a dose that is no higher than 10 milligrams for adults . People with kidney or liver problems may take longer to clear melatonin, so they might have a lower upper limit than others. While too much melatonin may cause side effects, it is unlikely to be fatal in adults.Melatonin might be safe for certain children and teenagers, but you should speak to your child's healthcare provider before giving them any kind of sleep medication.It's possible for your child to take too much melatonin, which can be dangerous. One study showed cases of melatonin overdose have gone up every year over the past 10 years. And children 5 years old and younger are at the highest ...SANTA BARBARA, Calif., Aug. 4, 2022 /PRNewswire/ -- Bloomios, Inc. (OTCQB: BLMS), a leading hemp and nutraceutical manufacturer specializing in fu... SANTA BARBARA, Calif., Aug. 4,...While there is not a direct link between melatonin and nightmares, experts have a few theories as to what may be happening. Melatonin can help you fall asleep faster, but according to Lisa Medalie ...Dry eyes can be caused by cold relief medicines, prescription heart medicines, allergy treatments, and more. And for people on multiple drugs, the potential risk to the eyes is compounded, said ...Feb 1, 2022 · Ad Feedback. Melatonin has been linked to headaches, dizziness, nausea, stomach cramps, drowsiness, confusion or disorientation, irritability and mild anxiety, depression and tremors as well as ... Feb 9, 2022 · Great advances in melatonin-related research have been made, including the understanding of its roles in the rhythm of the sleep/wake cycle, retardation of aging processes, as well as antioxidant and/or anti-inflammatory effects. Melatonin exerts a wide range of physiological effects related to the high lipophilicity of melatonin itself. There are over 300 possible drug interactions with melatonin including with alcohol or other medicines that can cause drowsiness or dizziness. When used with a blood thinner like warfarin, it may increase the risk of bleeding. Melatonin is a natural hormone that helps to regulate the sleep-wake cycle. For some people, melatonin supplements may ... For short-term sleep problems (insomnia) in adults. The usual dose is one 2mg slow release tablet taken 1 to 2 hours before bedtime. Sometimes your doctor will recommend that you only take melatonin 2 or 3 times a week to see if that improves your sleep first. Melatonin should only be taken for a maximum of 13 weeks to treat short-term sleep ... If they did have symptoms they were mild, such as an upset stomach, vomiting, and some drowsiness. However in Toce's wider study, which looked at 260,435 cases of melatonin ingestion, nearly 300 ...Melatonin comes as a supplement. You can purchase it at most pharmacies and online. The exact dose of melatonin may vary. One study used 3 milligrams (mg) nightly. Another study also used 3 mg ...Seasonal rhythmicity of physiological functions in humans related to possible alteration of the melatonin message remains, however, of limited evidence in temperate areas under field conditions. Also, the daily melatonin secretion, which is a very robust biochemical signal of night, can be used for the organisation of circadian rhythms.Use a humidifier or inhale steam from a hot shower or kettle before bedtime. Elevate your head slightly with an extra pillow. Try a saline nasal spray or rinse with saltwater. Take a spoonful of ...Descriptions. Benzonatate is used to relieve coughs due to colds or influenza (flu). It is not to be used for chronic cough that occurs with smoking, asthma, or emphysema or when there is an unusually large amount of mucus or phlegm with the cough. Benzonatate relieves cough by acting directly on the lungs and the breathing passages.Twenty-two studies were included in the review. Melatonin dosages varied between 0.3 and 100 mg and were administered either orally or intravenously. Cmax ranged from 72.1 (10 ml/h; 0.02 mg, IV) to 101,163 pg/ml (100 mg, oral). Tmax ranged between 15 (2 mg) and 210 min (10 mg).In the UK, melatonin is available on prescription for the short-term treatment of insomnia in people aged 55 and over and for jet lag. A huge group, then, believes melatonin is the answer to its ...Although not all side effects are known, melatonin is thought to be possibly safe when taken for a short period of time (for up to 2 years in certain people). Common side effects may include ...Kylie; May 17, 2019; For Insomnia "I have Delayed Sleep Phase Disorder and taking Melatonin 2mg 5hrs in advance worked for me, I slept like a normal person for at least 2 months. Then suddenly I was having severe mood swings that could not be attributed to time of month and they got worse. I was flaring up with anger at the slightest thing and …These could pose a problem to something like Melatonin. But first let's look at what these Nyquil ingredients do and why. Acetaminophen is a painkiller which can help make you more relaxed, whereas dextromethorphan is a cough suppressant, finally doxylamine is antihistamine, allergy medication which can help prevent sinus problems.Key Takeaways. Waking up gasping for air can have multiple causes including sleep-related breathing disorders, nocturnal panic attacks, and GERD. Breathing difficulties during sleep can worsen sleep quality, lead to daytime fatigue, and affect overall well-being. Tell your doctor if this symptom occurs regularly, as identifying and addressing ...Snorting melatonin in any form is dangerous and can lead to several negative health effects. Learn more about the dangers today. Helpline Information. Get Help Now 100% confidential & free. (844) 616-3400 ... Melatonin is not known to be addictive or cause dependence or withdrawal symptoms. This is why it is considered preferable to many ...3. Turn tech off at 10. This is one of Dimitriu's hard-set rules—and for good reason. Blue light (which often comes from devices) suppresses melatonin secretion 8, which means scrolling through social media before bed will do little to help your body naturally produce melatonin.Melatonin (N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine) is a neurohormone associated with sleep. Although the U. S. Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) questions the evidence, the five sources that deal with melatonin all recommend it for: jet lag and. shift work adjustment, Melatonin is a promising treatment for other sleep disorders, especially:Serotonin is a chemical that the body produces naturally. It's needed for the nerve cells and brain to function. But too much serotonin causes signs and symptoms that can range from mild (shivering and diarrhea) to severe (muscle rigidity, fever and seizures). Severe serotonin syndrome can cause death if not treated.1-2 mg daily. 0.5-1 mg daily. Maximum dosage. 5mg daily*. 5-10 mg daily, ask a doctor before exceeding 5 mg of melatonin. 6 mg daily. *Only under a doctor’s approval. Sources: Sleep Foundation, AJMC, SingleCare. The dosage you take may also depend on your reason for taking melatonin.Melatonin, a hormone naturally created by the pineal gland in the brain, plays a major role in this process by making us sleepy in response to darkness. Synthetic melatonin can be taken in tablet or …The study. The study evaluated adults who took melatonin at the recommended dosage of 5 milligrams per day (mg/d), as well as those who exceeded that dosage. Before 2005–2006, the authors found ...Overall rating 1.0. Effectiveness. Ease of Use. Satisfaction. Started taking 2 to 5 mlg.of melatonin for the past 6 to 8 months. Started having excruciating pain in every bone in my body. Stopped only last night. Helped with the morning headaches and sleep but the bone pain is so intense.Melatonin, or 5-methoxy-N-acetyltryptamine, is synthesized and released by the pineal gland and locally in the retina following a circadian rhythm, with low levels during the day and elevated levels at night. Melatonin activates two high-affinity G protein-coupled receptors, termed MT1 and MT2, to exert beneficial actions in sleep and circadian ...Melatonin can be classified as an immune stimulatory agent. 7-10 This comprises, of course, proinflammatory actions. Notably, many of these effects have been observed in cells collected from blood or other body fluids or in leukocyte-derived cell lines. ... If circadian deviations cause sleep disturbances, the known proinflammatory effects of ...Published on July 20, 2023. Melatonin is a common over-the-counter supplement that is available in many forms. Despite its popularity, there are some side effects that you should be aware of. For example, certain people can experience headaches while taking melatonin. If you are experiencing headaches from melatonin, there may be ways to cope.Melatonin could be used as potential analgesic drug in diseases associated with pain and it has quite promising role there. In the past century, a growing interest has been developed regarding the wide use of melatonin in treating various diseases like inflammatory, gastrointestinal, cancer, mood disorders, and others.Of these calls, more than 4,000 teens and children were hospitalized and two died. Signs of melatonin overdose include excessive sleepiness, vomiting and trouble breathing. Other side effects of both low and high doses of melatonin can include headaches, excessive sleepiness, blood pressure changes, gastrointestinal problems, changes in other ...Melatonin is safe for most people when taken over the short term, but there is not much research available yet on its long-term safety. People considering using melatonin should be aware of its potential side effects. Melatonin can cause drowsiness, so people should avoid using heavy machinery or driving after taking it.Melatonin has been the focus of much research throughout the COVID-19 pandemic, as it is a safe molecule with many clinical actions that could be beneficial to humans. Moreover, melatonin is a ...The melatonin sold in over-the-counter pills is synthetic, but chemically it’s the same as the stuff the human body makes. It can, if used properly, help certain problem sleepers get to bed at ...Common Causes of Melatonin-Induced Muscle Twitching. Sensitivity to Melatonin: Some individuals may be more sensitive to the effects of melatonin, leading to muscle twitching. Dosage: Taking high doses of melatonin can increase the likelihood of experiencing muscle twitching. Interactions with Medications: Melatonin can interact with certain ...Abstract. There is a growing appreciation that the regulation of the melatonergic pathways, both pineal and systemic, may be an important aspect in how viruses drive the cellular changes that underpin their control of cellular function. We review the melatonergic pathway role in viral infections, emphasizing influenza and covid-19 infections.Before going to sleep, consider taking a warm, steamy shower. Steam can thin mucus in the nasal passages to help it drain. It may also be helpful to run the shower, close the bathroom door, and inhale warm steam for several minutes instead. Doing this a few times during the day may help clear the nose. Running a humidifier in the bedroom ...Because melatonin can cause drowsiness, don't drive or use machinery within five hours of taking it. Melatonin supplements can interact with some types of medicine, including: Medicine that slows blood clotting; Medicine that prevents seizures; Birth control medicine; High blood pressure medicine; Diabetes medicineThe timing of the melatonin dose is important: if it is taken at the wrong time, early in the day, it is liable to cause sleepiness and delay adaptation to local time. The incidence of other side effects is low. Case reports suggest that people with epilepsy, and patients taking warfarin may come to harm from melatonin.Jul 26, 2566 BE ... So if you lie in bed for hours unable to fall asleep, taking a melatonin supplement could potentially help. ... can help lead to feeling more ...In general, oral melatonin supplements as well as sleep patches are considered likely safe for short-term use. Possible side effects include headaches, dizziness, irritability, temporary depressive feelings, and stomach cramps. Because melatonin also induces sleepiness, you should avoid driving a car or operating heavy machinery while under the ...Abstract. Melatonin, the major regulator of the sleep/wake cycle, also plays important physiological and pharmacological roles in the control of neuronal plasticity and neuroprotection. Accordingly, the secretion of this hormone reaches the maximal extent during brain development (childhood-adolescence) while it is greatly reduced during …Best melatonin supplements of 2024. $9 at Amazon $9 at Walmart $10 at Target. Pros. Nature Made supplements are always USP-verified and affordable. One bottle is enough for 90 nights. Cons. May ...Melatonin is generally considered safe to use, and it doesn’t cause many side effects. The most common melatonin side effects are daytime sleepiness and sleep changes. Other side effects include headache, dizziness, and stomach upset.It turns out that the other 90 percent of the melatonin we make happens in the daytime and is triggered by exposure to sunlight. This daytime melatonin is called subcellular melatonin and it provides essential energy for breathing, eating, digesting, detoxing, pumping your heart, exercising and much more! Read on for the details on subcellular ...Research on how magnesium and melatonin affect one another is limited. "The whole mechanism of how magnesium affects sleep is not well-understood," van der Merwe explained. But magnesium may ...Melatonin can be taken as a short-term treatment for jet lag in adults. There is some evidence that melatonin makes your symptoms less severe. It can also help reduce recovery time after a long flight by a day to a day and a half. Jet lag can be common after travelling across several time zones in an easterly direction. It disturbs your sleep ...Symptoms of Collapsed Trachea in Dogs. Dogs with a collapsing trachea often develop a dry, honking cough. It can resemble the sound geese make when they're flying overhead. Situations that may ...Sort Products By. Healthy Care Melatonin Homeopathic 90 Tablets. $16.99. Buy Melatonin online at Chemist Warehouse and enjoy huge discounts across the entire range. Shop products online, in store or via click and collect today.Melatonin. Zarbee's Naturals has a line of sleep formulas that include melatonin, the hormone your body produces that promotes sleep. One of their cough and throat relief drinks for adults includes melatonin. Many traditional nighttime cold formulas contain doxylamine, an antihistamine that also is used for insomnia.That's because taking melatonin nightly—especially in doses higher than 0.5 to 1 milligram at a time—can potentially cause unpleasant side effects, downregulate your natural production of melatonin, interfere with certain medications, and, not to mention, prove ineffective at improving sleep quality. "The evidence for melatonin use for ...Eggs also happen to taste great, which is another serious advantage. In fact, eggs are one of the best dietary sources of melatonin. They have other advantages for sleep too. One is that eggs contain a decent amount of tryptophan. Tryptophan is an amino acid that has been linked to sleep and improved mood.OAB has several causes, including: drinking too much fluid. having urinary tract infections (UTIs) consuming caffeinated drinks, alcohol, spicy foods, and other bladder irritants. not being able ... Summary: We study 48,098 people who have side effects when taking Melatonin. Coughing is reported by 1,357 (2.82%) of them. People who are more likely to have Coughing are female, 60+ old, have been taking the drug for < 1 month, also take Vitamin d3 and have Pain. The phase IV clinical study analyzes which people take Melatonin and have Coughing. This means that you would be snorting a bunch of binders/fillers which may clog up your nose a bit and decrease the absorption of melatonin. I am unfamiliar with what the bio-availability is of melatonin when it is ingested orally versus snorted! 8. 951. • 9 yr. ago.Nyquil is one of the most common medicinal substances in the country, used to treat the symptoms of mild cough, cold and allergies. You can probably find a bottle of Nyquil in every medicine cabinet, alongside bottles of expired melatonin and boxes of Band-Aid. It's an over-the-counter medicine like aspirin or ketoconazole, which means you don't need a doctor's prescription to acquire it ...Common side effects include: Daytime sleepiness. Headache. Dizziness. Hypothermia (low body temperature) Uncommon side effects may include: Agitation. …However, melatonin can cause changes in blood pressure, including unsafe and unexpected spikes. Some medications, such as birth control , can cause the body to produce more melatonin.Like other supplements, melatonin products are not subject to the same regulations and quality standards as prescription drugs. The authors pointed out that the actual amount of melatonin in a given pill can be significantly higher than what the label shows. This can cause people to take too much, especially since many use melatonin regularly.There has been a fivefold increase in U.S. adults taking melatonin supplements for sleep, according to a study co-authored by Dr. Naima Covassin, a researcher in Mayo Clinic's Cardiology Lab. Melatonin is a hormone in the body that plays a role in your natural sleep-wake cycle. And it's available as a supplement that around 6 […]Photo by CDC on Unsplash COVID-19, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), represents a global health crisis. Cough, fever, and shortness of breath ...Melatonin is a hormone produced in the brain in response to darkness. It can also be taken as a supplement to help with sleep. Melatonin is safe for most healthy adults to use for a short period. Melatonin is not considered safe for people who are pregnant or breastfeeding, as well as those with other health conditions.A 2017 study that tested 31 melatonin supplements sold at grocery stores and pharmacies found that 26% of them contained serotonin, another hormone that can cause harmful effects even in low doses.Melatonin is a hormone that your body makes. It helps you sleep at night. It also comes in an over-the-counter dietary supplement for sleep for adults and kids as pills, creams, gargles, or gels.The study. The study evaluated adults who took melatonin at the recommended dosage of 5 milligrams per day (mg/d), as well as those who exceeded that dosage. Before 2005–2006, the authors found ...However, melatonin can cause changes in blood pressure, including unsafe and unexpected spikes. Some medications, such as birth control , can cause the body to produce more melatonin.Do not take any herbal remedies that make you feel sleepy while taking melatonin. They can increase the sedating effects of your medicine and make you feel much more drowsy. There's not enough information to say that other, non-drowsy herbal remedies and supplements are safe to take with melatonin. They're not tested in the same way as pharmacy ...Consume calcium-rich foods and drinks. Add kale, collard greens, yogurt, cheese, broccoli, and almonds to your diet for added calcium, which aids melatonin production in the body. Drinking calcium-rich beverages, such as milk, is also great for naturally increasing your melatonin levels.Overall rating 1.0. Effectiveness. Ease of Use. Satisfaction. Started taking 2 to 5 mlg.of melatonin for the past 6 to 8 months. Started having excruciating pain in every bone in my body. Stopped only last night. Helped with the morning headaches and sleep but the bone pain is so intense.Nov 16, 2022 · Stomach discomfort. Anxiety. Crankiness. A "heavy head" feeling. Short-lived depression. Melatonin supplements might cause problems if you take them with some medicines, including: Blood-thinning ... Shop Natrol, the #1 melatonin brand in America,^ and a leading U.S. vitamin, mineral and supplement maker with products to aid sleep, mood and stress, & brain health.Acid reflux that regularly occurs more than twice a week is called gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD). Melatonin is a neurotransmitter produced by a gland in the brain that regulates the wake/sleep cycle and other daily biorhythms. I recommend it in supplement form as a remedy for jet lag and insomnia, and as an immune booster.Melatonin helps in regulating human circadian rhythms and is believed to have sleep-inducing activity. Additionally, melatonin studies suggest that it affects smooth muscle tone and inflammation too. ... Lying flat can also cause more wheezing and coughing at night due to a combination of factors, such as decreased lung volume and a build-up of ...Melatonin spray may help people fall asleep faster and stay asleep longer, but it's not a cure-all for insomnia. Melatonin spray is generally safe for most adults, but it can cause side effects such as drowsiness, nausea, and headache. Children should only take melatonin spray under the supervision of a doctor.The effects of melatonin supplements can last up to 5 hours. The composition of the supplement can influence how long it stays in your system. How quickly the body absorbs and processes melatonin can change depending on your age and health. Melatonin is safe for short-term use but should be used cautiously and under medical …Key Takeaways. Supplemental melatonin typically takes effect within 20-40 minutes. The type of supplement and the dose amount will affect onset time. Never take more than the recommended melatonin dosage 1 to 2 hours before bedtime. Speak to your doctor if sleeping problems do not improve after taking melatonin.Melatonin is actually known to help ease some of the symptoms of mild Cushing's disease, a disease that causes a hormonal imbalance in dogs. Lastly, because melatonin promotes hair growth, it is a great supplement to use in dogs with alopecia. How much melatonin can I give my dog? Melatonin is safe for dogs at the right dosage.Mar 22, 2024 · This causes a gradual increase in sleepiness. Melatonin production continues into the night, peaking about seven hours after sunset. This helps the person stay asleep through the night. In the morning, melatonin drops to undetectable levels, as exposure to light inhibits production of the sleep hormone. This helps a person feel alert upon waking. 4. Bottom Line. Benzonatate relieves a dry cough; however, the capsules must be swallowed whole because the risk of a fatal overdosage is increased if the capsules are opened in any way. 5. Tips. Swallow the capsule whole. Do not suck, chew, crush, cut, or break open as this can cause overdosage.Summary. Melatonin is a hormone your brain produces in response to fading light. It prepares your body for sleep and is often used as a sleep aid. Does melatonin …Taking too much melatonin can actually cause rebound insomnia —either rendering the supplement ineffective or worse, exacerbating your already sleepless nights further. You only need tiny doses of melatonin to support your natural sleep cycle. As little as 1-3 mg about an hour before you go to bed can boost your melatonin by 20 times.Cough or other difficulty breathing; Runny or stuffy nose; Sore throat; ... Nightmares can cause nighttime awakenings, to the detriment of sleep quality. Mental health challenges: Early in the pandemic, ... Melatonin supplements can have side effects or cause allergic reactions, and some dietary supplements may not contain what is listed on the ...Take this medication by mouth. Take it as directed on the label at the same time every day. Chew or crush it completely before swallowing. Do not swallow tablets whole. Take it on an empty stomach, 1 or 2 hours before bedtime. After taking this medication, limit your activities to those needed to prepare for bed.

Melatonin supplementation can cause sleep patterns to become disrupted, which can result in feelings of exhaustion, irritation, and overall mood instability. Long-term sleep problems are frequently associated with a higher risk of acquiring or worsening depression.. Harley radio wiring diagram

can melatonin cause coughing

The problem wasn’t that they’d overdosed on opioids or painkillers or marijuana. Instead, they’d swallowed too much melatonin, an over-the-counter supplement used as a sleep aid. The ill ...A chronic cough is a cough that lasts eight weeks or longer in adults, or four weeks in children. A chronic cough is more than just an annoyance. A chronic cough can interrupt your sleep and leave you feeling exhausted. Severe cases of chronic cough can cause vomiting, lightheadedness and even rib fractures.Before going to sleep, consider taking a warm, steamy shower. Steam can thin mucus in the nasal passages to help it drain. It may also be helpful to run the shower, close the bathroom door, and inhale warm steam for several minutes instead. Doing this a few times during the day may help clear the nose. Running a humidifier in the bedroom ...Melatonin, a naturally occurring hormone, helps regulate sleep and promote the healthy functioning of your body's internal clock. Some studies suggest that it may also reduce certain types of anxiety. In general, melatonin is safe and non-toxic when used in the short term to help with sleep.What happens if a child takes too much melatonin? Data on the adverse effects of melatonin are limited. The exact toxic dose has not been determined, but large amounts can cause toxicity. Symptoms of melatonin overdose include headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and agitation, and melatonin overdose can lead to suppression of breathing and coma.3. Melatonin physiology. Melatonin is a hormone secreted by the pineal gland under nerve modulation of the suprachiasmatic nucleus ().Although melatonin is predominantly secreted by the pineal gland in mammals, some studies have reported that melatonin is produced in most cells, tissues and organs ().Melatonin or N-acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine is an acetamide, synthesized from tryptophan, with ...Melatonin is only one option in the armamentarium of sleep solutions for older adults. On the extremely harmful end of the spectrum are benzodiazepines, the so-called Z-drugs (nonbenzodiazepines), trazodone, quetiapine, and over-the-counter antihistamines, many of which are used off-label. Almost 17% of 85-year-olds take benzodiazepines ...Gummies. Tips. Melatonin supplements come in a potentially overwhelming array of forms, from tablets to gummies. Canva (3) Popping a melatonin supplement before bed seems like the thing to do for ...This information is brand new, and it's one of the most important videos I'll ever do regarding your health. WATCH THE DR. ROGER SEHEULT INTERVIEW HERE: ️ h...What happens if a child takes too much melatonin? Data on the adverse effects of melatonin are limited. The exact toxic dose has not been determined, but large amounts can cause toxicity. Symptoms of melatonin overdose include headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, and agitation, and melatonin overdose can lead to suppression of breathing and coma.The hormone (even in pill form) signals to your brain that the sun is down and it's time to sleep. Melatonin levels naturally increase about two hours before bedtime, according to Johns Hopkins Medicine. Contrary to common understanding, melatonin doesn't actually help you sleep but rather, puts your brain in a state of quiet wakefulness.Key points. Taking NyQuil products, which contain the sedating antihistamine doxylamine, with melatonin can increase sedation and have additive CNS depressant effects. There are a variety of Nyquil products currently available over-the-counter, but most contain the following active ingredients: Acetaminophen. Dextromethorphan.Key Takeaways. Waking up gasping for air can have multiple causes including sleep-related breathing disorders, nocturnal panic attacks, and GERD. Breathing difficulties during sleep can worsen sleep quality, lead to daytime fatigue, and affect overall well-being. Tell your doctor if this symptom occurs regularly, as identifying and addressing ...Action. Melatonin is a hormone secreted from the pineal gland in a 24-hour circadian rhythm, regulating the normal sleep/wake cycle. As a supplement, melatonin has both phase-shifting and sleep-promoting properties. In addition to promoting sleep, physiologic roles of melatonin include regulation of the secretion of growth hormone and ....

Popular Topics