1. La Baguette. Recipe: ( link) How to Enjoy: ( link) Taste and Texture: Crispy with a fluffy crumb. Best Served: Some of the best tasting baguette meals include zucchini tomato strata also known as a savory …Ciabatta. Ciabatta, derived from the Italian word for slipper, is a type of light and airy bread with a slightly chewy crust. It’s made with high-gluten flour, yeast, and water and is shaped into an elongated loaf. The dough is left to rise for a long period of time, which helps create a high-rising texture.Jun 18, 2020 ... Ingredients · Flour: Choose between all-purpose flour and bread flour. · Water: Opt for warm water to activate the yeast more effectively.Jul 12, 2018 ... The baguette is not only a loaf by which many bakers are measured, it is also the quintessential example of French lean bread. Although the word ...However, baking temperatures are not interchangeable across different bread types. The type of bread greatly determines the temperature used. Additionally, baking temperatures depend on the type of ingredients used as well as the weight of the total ingredients used. ... French Loaf: 350° F / 175° C: 400° F / 205° C: 375° F / 190° C: 30 ...Jul 17, 2020 · Some of the regional varieties include the Irish brown bread, Borodinsky bread, and Boston brown bread. Type: Loaf. Best for: Sandwiches, and pizza. 5. Baguette. Baguette. Baguette is a long and thin crusty French bread prepared from wheat flour, common salt, yeast, and water. Jul 12, 2018 ... The baguette is not only a loaf by which many bakers are measured, it is also the quintessential example of French lean bread. Although the word ...Jul 8, 2022 · A healthy, flavoursome sandwich bread that’s made with seeds, often with a combination of hearty flours such as wheat, rye, oat and barley. The seeds used in a “Baguette multicereal” vary with sunflower, poppy, yellow and brown flax popular choices. Can also be classed as a High fibre, or Low GI bread. Most people agree that the best kind of bread for French Toast is brioche, because it’s buttery, sweet, and very soft. It’s got a lovely mouthfeel and it will create an excellent flavor when mixed with the other ingredients. You might also want to use challah or standard white bread; both of these will work well.1. Brioche is a masterpiece of French culinary cuisine. Let’s kick off the list with Brioche. This bread will charm you with its fantastic appearance of the twisting …A picnic in a French city park. For a lunchtime picnic in a city park for 2 to 4 people buy two small loaves, or one baguette and a small loaf and a total of 100 grams (4.20 oz) of cheese and pate per person. To that add the half bottle of wine per person that nearly everyone believes they will consume.A baguette ( / bæˈɡɛt /; French: [baɡɛt] ⓘ) is a long, thin type of bread of French origin [3] that is commonly made from basic lean dough (the dough, not the shape, is defined by French law). [4] It is distinguishable by its length and crisp crust . A baguette has a diameter of about 5 to 6 cm (2– 21⁄2 in) and a usual length of ...Dec 31, 2021 · A round-shaped, brown-colored bread with a tight, moist crumb, the “complete bread” is named this way because it is made mostly with whole wheat flour – although some white flour is blended into it. A very similar bread, pain intégral, uses 100 percent whole wheat flour. Pain complet is particularly rich in fibers, too. However, baking temperatures are not interchangeable across different bread types. The type of bread greatly determines the temperature used. Additionally, baking temperatures depend on the type of ingredients used as well as the weight of the total ingredients used. ... French Loaf: 350° F / 175° C: 400° F / 205° C: 375° F / 190° C: 30 ...The first big difference between French and Italian bread is that French bread is made with a dough that is fermented for a long time, while Italian bread is made with a dough that is not fermented as long. This results in a different flavor and texture for the two types of bread. French bread is usually crustier, while Italian bread is softer ...1. Tartine. This French bread is hand-kneaded with herbs and stuff. To make it extra-rich, eggs and butter are added. However, tartine’s ingredients vary from …Ciabatta. Ciabatta, derived from the Italian word for slipper, is a type of light and airy bread with a slightly chewy crust. It’s made with high-gluten flour, yeast, and water and is shaped into an elongated loaf. The dough is left to rise for a long period of time, which helps create a high-rising texture.Multigrain Bread. Sprouted Grain Bread. Oat Bread. Flax Seed Bread. Bread doesn’t exactly have a reputation for being slimming—or, for that matter, healthy in general. Considering the popularity of low-carb and gluten-free diets, you may find it difficult to think of bread in a positive light for health.3 – French Baking Terms. une tarte – pie. un gâteau – a cake. un biscuit – a cookie. du pain – bread. la pâtisserie – pastry – here is an article on French pastry. la pâte brisée – shortcrust base or short crust pastry. la pâte sablée – sweet shortcrust pastry dough. la pâte feuilletée – puff pastry.1. Baguette. LuckyStep/Shutterstock. We're kicking things off with probably the best-known French bread. Quintessentially French, around 10 million baguettes are …Mar 10, 2023 · French bread vs. Italian differ in their shapes and types, ingredients, and preparation methods. French bakers typically use wheat flour, water, yeast, and salt to make their bread. In contrast, Italian bakers often add olive oil to their dough to give it a softer texture and a noticeably sweeter flavor. French bakers also use a wetter dough ... Explore the most dynamic area of Paris, Le Marais and visit some of the finest food stores in Paris. Then, enjoy a hands-on cooking class creating a Traditional 4 course French meal. La Cuisine Paris, 80 Quai de l'Hôtel de Ville, 75004 Paris Time: 16:00 - 20:00. Price: €189.00 Availability: 3 places left.J.P. Edwards (2017) listed some of the different bread types that are baked around the world, namely unleavened bread, sour dough bread, French breads, brown and wholemeal, wheat germ breads, high protein breads, high fibre and multigrain breads, soft grain breads, ethnic multigrain breads, slimming and health high fibre breads, added …Traditional Pumpernickel Bread Made with rye flour and often wheat flour, pumpernickel can have a lower glycemic index. For example, according to a 2018 article, pumpernickel bread has a glycemic ...Mar 13, 2022 ... 1. The “baguette classique”, or regular baguette · 2. The “baguette tradition” · 3. The “ficelle”, or bread stick · 4. The half-baguette &midd...Jun 18, 2020 ... Ingredients · Flour: Choose between all-purpose flour and bread flour. · Water: Opt for warm water to activate the yeast more effectively.Without a doubt, pan frances is the most popular bread and the most consumed in Peru. Upon declaring the independence of Peru, one of the first groups of immigrants was the French, who greatly influenced the lifestyle of Lima’s aristocracy and the country’s gastronomy. According to the consulate of France in Lima, 54 French bakers …Yet, the two main categories of flatbreads include single-layered (either leavened or unleavened) bread and double-layered, leavened bread. The main ingredients of a flatbread are flour, water ...A baguette is a long, thin loaf of French bread made from normal lean dough. Here's an interesting fact, the French law actually defines the way the dough is. So when getting a baguette in France, you …Baguettes are traditional French bread that dates back to the 1940s. Variations such as the “Ficelle” date even further back. A baguette is a long, thin, crusty type of bread often known as simply, a “French stick” outside of France.2. Brioche. Brioche is one of the famous types of French bread. ... Another famous French bread is Brioche. It is lightweight and airy and often has a high ...Brioche. Brioche is everything a perfect French toast bread should be: thick and sturdy with a tender, plush crumb. Its high butter and egg content makes it an ideal companion for the rich custard made with eggs, milk, sugar, and vanilla. It's for these reasons and more that many French toast recipes call for thick-sliced brioche. Preheat your oven to an appropriate temperature for baking bread (usually around 400-450°F). Before placing the batards in the oven, score them using a sharp knife or razor blade to create decorative slashes on top of each loaf. This not only enhances their appearance but also helps control expansion during baking. We explore the types of French bread, including baguette, brioche, croissant, fougasse, campagne, garlic bread (pain a l'ail), boule and more. We all love baguettes and brioche, but there's more to try!Baguette, a long, thin, crusty loaf of French bread ... All bakers will be held, under the penalty of imprisonment, to make only one type of bread: The Bread of ...Today we offer more than a dozen scratch-made varieties, including some of those first recipes from way back then. And our bakers still use the same traditional bread-making techniques we've been using for over 50 years to make all of our fresh breads and rolls. Artisan craftsmanship might not be the key to efficient bread-making.Updated 23 May 2022. One of the main things everyone loves about France is the food. French breads are especially delicious and you probably already heard of the mighty …Feb 7, 2017 ... The “French stick”, the long thin crusty loaf, is perhaps one of the better known icons of French life. In France, it is known as a “baguette” – ...Different cultures around the world add varying ratios of potatoes to wheat flour, notes iFoodTV. For example, Kartoffelbrot, German potato bread, contains rye flour, potatoes, and spelt. Pratie ...Here are some of the best bread types to pair with baked brie: Crusty French Baguette. A classic choice for serving with baked brie, a crusty French baguette is a perfect match for the soft, gooey cheese. The crispy exterior of the bread provides a nice contrast to the creamy cheese, while the soft, chewy interior soaks up the melted brie.Here’s your ultimate French bakery guide, including what to buy in a boulangerie in France and some French vocabulary to help you order! People in France take their bread seriously and perhaps this is no more apparent than the literal fact that an annual bread festival is held each year on the Parvis de Notre Dame Cathedral in central …Different cultures around the world add varying ratios of potatoes to wheat flour, notes iFoodTV. For example, Kartoffelbrot, German potato bread, contains rye flour, potatoes, and spelt. Pratie ...Today we offer more than a dozen scratch-made varieties, including some of those first recipes from way back then. And our bakers still use the same traditional bread-making techniques we've been using for over 50 years to make all of our fresh breads and rolls. Artisan craftsmanship might not be the key to efficient bread-making.Jun 20, 2014 ... Instructions: · Combine the water, honey, salt and yeast in a glass bowl. · Next, add a bunch of flour. · Form the dough into a loaf shape.Aug 20, 2023 · The difference between Ciabatta and French bread is a matter of texture and flavor. Ciabatta is a type of Italian bread that is similar to French bread, but it has a more porous texture and a slightly different flavor. French bread is typically made with flour, water, and yeast, while Ciabatta is made with flour, water, and a starter dough. Dec 31, 2019 · Baguettes are also called French bread and are a long type of white yeast bread. Apart from its long length, baguettes should also have a crispy crust and a soft fluffy center. Depending on the bakery, some French sticks can be up to 3 ft. (1 m) in length. Baguettes are also a very versatile loaf. Hydration is calculated by taking the weight of water or liquid in a recipe and dividing it by the weight of flour to get a percentage. Remember that hydration = water / flour. So in the recipe above, if water is 750g and flour is 1,000g, the total hydration of the dough is 750 / 1,000, or 75%.Baguettes are also called French bread and are a long type of white yeast bread. Apart from its long length, baguettes should also have a crispy crust and a soft fluffy center. Depending on the bakery, some French sticks can be up to 3 ft. (1 m) in length. Baguettes are also a very versatile loaf.Brioche. Brioche is everything a perfect French toast bread should be: thick and sturdy with a tender, plush crumb. Its high butter and egg content makes it an ideal companion for the rich custard made with eggs, milk, sugar, and vanilla. It's for these reasons and more that many French toast recipes call for thick-sliced brioche.At French cafés, a typical breakfast “formule” will offer “la tartine” (slices of bread with jam and butter or chocolate spread), pastries, orange juice, and a hot beverage. French breakfast pastries fresh from the oven. French Breakfast—Le petit déjeuner. “Le petit déjeuner” means breakfast in French, but translates literally ...Today we offer more than a dozen scratch-made varieties, including some of those first recipes from way back then. And our bakers still use the same traditional bread-making techniques we've been using for over 50 years to make all of our fresh breads and rolls. Artisan craftsmanship might not be the key to efficient bread-making.Add the bread flour and stir using the dough hook until a shaggy dough forms. Step 2: In a separate small mixing bowl, combine the melted butter and salt and whisk. Add the melted butter and salt mixture to the dough. Step 3: Knead the dough on low just until the dough comes together.7. Pâté Grand-Mère. Pâté Grand-Mère is one of the most beloved types of paté in France. It is traditionally made with pork, although it may also contain beef liver and chicken liver. The pâté is then flavored with white wine, cognac, brandy, herbs, spices, and aromatics before being wrapped in puff pastry.If you’re someone who follows a gluten-free diet, finding the perfect bread recipe can be a bit of a challenge. Luckily, we have some tips and tricks to help you perfect your easy ...5) Brioche Bread. Brioche buns, a form of brioche bread, have become increasingly popular over recent years. Among their various uses, they are particularly popular as burger buns. The main ingredient is wheat flour. Brioche buns also contain a good amount of butter, milk, and eggs in their ingredients.5 different types of French bread. Making and eating bread is an integral part of French breakfast and culture as a whole. It is part of the country’s culinary …It’s a good alternative for people who want something healthy and more filling than other breads. Rye has lots of fiber, folate, manganese, and selenium and is low in saturated fat. Like sourdough, it has a sharper, almost tangy taste and will help you feel fuller for longer too. Average calorie count per 100g: 259.Photo by ganzevayna. 5. Soda Bread (Ireland) Soda bread is a type of quick bread made from baking soda, white flour, salt, and buttermilk. Originally from Ireland, it’s a slightly sweet bread that’s often made with additional ingredients like eggs, butter, raisins, and nuts. Photo by starstock.If you’re someone who follows a gluten-free diet, finding the perfect bread recipe can be a bit of a challenge. Luckily, we have some tips and tricks to help you perfect your easy ...Aug 20, 2023 · The difference between Ciabatta and French bread is a matter of texture and flavor. Ciabatta is a type of Italian bread that is similar to French bread, but it has a more porous texture and a slightly different flavor. French bread is typically made with flour, water, and yeast, while Ciabatta is made with flour, water, and a starter dough. Jun 9, 2023 ... The Best Bread for French Toast · Brioche · Sourdough · French Bread · Challah · Plain Ol' White Bread.With no kneading involved and only 6 ingredients, making focaccia is the easiest way to feel like a pro baker, without a ton of effort. Get the Easy Focaccia Bread recipe. ANDREW BUI. 2.Jan 29, 2016 ... Ingredients · 2 ¼ teaspoons active dry yeast (9 grams) · 1 teaspoon sugar (4 grams) (use honey if you prefer) · 1 ¼ cups warm water (300 grams...The classic baguette, also known as “baguette ordinaire,” is the quintessential French bread known for its elongated shape and crisp crust. Made from basic ingredients such as flour, water, yeast, and salt, this type of baguette boasts a chewy interior with irregular air pockets. Its simplicity and versatility make it a staple in French ...Yet, the two main categories of flatbreads include single-layered (either leavened or unleavened) bread and double-layered, leavened bread. The main ingredients of a flatbread are flour, water ...The Bread made entirely from wheat flour will be “Froment 100%” while the ones which are mixed with other ingredients like maybe rye, spelt, etc, will be “Froment 75%”. Pain Baguette– The most popular type of French bread, a Baguette is a long, thin loaf of bread. The standardized dimensions of a Baguette is 70 cms in length and 250 ...Here are ten types of breads that are perfect for making BLT sandwiches, each offering a unique flavor and texture: 1. ... French toast, grilled cheese sandwiches, and other dishes. Common Uses. White sandwich bread is most commonly used to make sandwiches but can also be used for French toast or grilled cheese sandwiches.Babka Bread. Origin of Babka: Babka is a sweet, braided bread from Eastern Europe, particularly Poland and Ukraine. It is renowned for its rich, twisted appearance and delicious taste. Babka is typically associated with Jewish cuisine and is a popular treat during holidays and special occasions.Sep 30, 2022 ... Different types of French Bread #baguette #ciabatta #multigrain #auchan_france #frenchbakery #bread #ritzspicy&tangykitchen #auchan #french ...Mar 15, 2024 · French roll is a type of bread roll that is typically long and slender in shape, resembling a smaller version of a baguette. Usually, it has a crisp crust and a soft, chewy interior. French rolls are commonly associated with French cuisine and are a popular bread option for sandwiches and burgers. Oct 25, 2021 · Preparing the Dough for Bread Scoring. Before scoring your bread, you want to first dust the top of each loaf with some flour. Doing so will help create more of a contrast between the white flour and the darker crust. Some prefer to use half white rice flour and half all purpose flour for the dusting. Panifiable on a packet of flour in France means “suitable for making bread.” Substitutes. For Type 55: try mixing some all-purpose (plain) flour into bread (strong) flour. Bread (strong) flour on its own is probably too strong for any French recipe. The highest protein content you’d want in a flour for French bread would be 12 to 12.5%, tops.Whole-Grain. While whole-wheat bread is made using the full kernel of wheat, whole-grain bread is made using any whole-grain flour — oat, brown rice, barley, and spelt are some of the more popular varieties available. Whole-grain bread, like whole-wheat bread, generally has a chewier texture and nuttier flavor, although the exact flavor ...Different cultures around the world add varying ratios of potatoes to wheat flour, notes iFoodTV. For example, Kartoffelbrot, German potato bread, contains rye flour, potatoes, and spelt. Pratie ...Types of French Bread – Faluche Has To Be On The List. Faluche, also known as “Le pain du Nord” (the bread of the North), is a type of bread typical of the Nord-Pas-de-Calais region, France, and the Tournai region of Belgium. The bread is made from flour, yeast, a little milk, and olive oil. It has a peculiar shape, very white ...Aug 25, 2023 ... While I love a good baguette – especially with a little butter – France offers many other types of bread with which people outside of France may ...This bread has a unique shape: two overlapping diamonds. It's a light and crusty bread that is sold cheaply. Its name comes from its low price, with "Sü" being an old word for a shilling, and "brot" meaning bread. It was invented in the 18th century for city bread-buyers, before slowly spreading to the villages.Different Types of French Bread. 1. La Baguette. When we told you that you need to clarify your French bread on your shopping list, you most likely had the …Baguettes are also called French bread and are a long type of white yeast bread. Apart from its long length, baguettes should also have a crispy crust and a soft fluffy center. Depending on the bakery, some French sticks can be up to 3 ft. (1 m) in length. Baguettes are also a very versatile loaf.Baguette. Paris. 4.4. Most iconic: Du Pain et Des Idées (Paris) Probably the most iconic image of France, this long, light, airy bread with its characteristically crispy crust dates back to the 19th century, when wheat and white breads were no longer a privilege of the rich. Baguettes were made even before the...1. Brioche is a masterpiece of French culinary cuisine. Let’s kick off the list with Brioche. This bread will charm you with its fantastic appearance of the twisting …PAIN AU CHOCOLAT. Literally translated as ‘chocolate bread’, the pain au chocolat is made from the same dough as croissants, with a couple of cubes of dark chocolate tucked in the middle. Best served warm straight from the oven, it is also delicious cold. Try dipping it in your coffee for a truly French experience. Miam!Baguette. Paris. 4.4. Most iconic: Du Pain et Des Idées (Paris) Probably the most iconic image of France, this long, light, airy bread with its characteristically crispy crust dates back to the 19th century, when wheat and white breads were no longer a privilege of the rich. Baguettes were made even before the...A good, crusty loaf of sourdough bread is deliciously tangy and good for everything from bread bowls and sandwiches to breadcrumbs for use in other recipes. If you’re new to baking...Jul 22, 2023 · The traditional French bread is made with Type 55 flour, providing a crispy crust and a chewy interior. French flour is renowned worldwide for its exceptional quality and versatility. From delicate pastries to hearty bread , this special ingredient elevates the art of baking to new heights. Mar 13, 2022 · So here are the several types of baguettes you may find in bakeries. 1. The “baguette classique”, or regular baguette. Aka: Parisian baguette, white baguette. Every French person has tasted it, and every French person has loved it: it is the one baguette to rule them all. Weighing up at roughly 250 grams, this one will consistently be found ... Preheat your oven to an appropriate temperature for baking bread (usually around 400-450°F). Before placing the batards in the oven, score them using a sharp knife or razor blade to create decorative slashes on top of each loaf. This not only enhances their appearance but also helps control expansion during baking. Feb 7, 2017 ... The “French stick”, the long thin crusty loaf, is perhaps one of the better known icons of French life. In France, it is known as a “baguette” – ...Combine the egg and water in a small bowl and brush the mixture very gently over the top of the bread just before baking. Bake the loaves for about 18-20 minutes or until the tops are golden brown. Remove the bread from the oven and let it cool almost completely before slicing and serving. Course: Bread.
Different cultures around the world add varying ratios of potatoes to wheat flour, notes iFoodTV. For example, Kartoffelbrot, German potato bread, contains rye flour, potatoes, and spelt. Pratie .... Mlb nine innings
Different Types of French Bread. 1. La Baguette. When we told you that you need to clarify your French bread on your shopping list, you most likely had the …Our Daily Bread devotional is a great way to grow in faith and deepen your relationship with God. It provides daily readings that are filled with spiritual insight and encouragemen...Add the bread flour and stir using the dough hook until a shaggy dough forms. Step 2: In a separate small mixing bowl, combine the melted butter and salt and whisk. Add the melted butter and salt mixture to the dough. Step 3: Knead the dough on low just until the dough comes together.For example, french bread, baguettes, many types of rye bread (especially german rye bread) are all sourdough bread. The basic ingredients of sourdough bread are flour, water, salt and wild yeast (your sourdough starter), vegan heaven, but (there’s always a but 🙂 ) from that to determine that all sourdough bread are vegan is a difficult ...Feb 27, 2023 · To use sweet and spicy breadcrumbs, preheat the oven to 400 degrees Fahrenheit while prepping your ingredients. Then, take the sweet and spicy breadcrumbs to evenly coat the food item, and bake in ... Our Daily Bread is a popular devotional resource that helps people grow in their faith and deepen their relationship with God. It offers daily readings and reflections that can hel...A picnic in a French city park. For a lunchtime picnic in a city park for 2 to 4 people buy two small loaves, or one baguette and a small loaf and a total of 100 grams (4.20 oz) of cheese and pate per person. To that add the half bottle of wine per person that nearly everyone believes they will consume.Go to Recipe. 4. Roti Canai. From France, Greece, and Italy, let’s head on over to India. Roti canai is a southern Indian flatbread that’s crispy, flaky, and buttery. While the bread does hail from India, it’s also very popular in Malaysia. It pairs perfectly with curry sauce and daal.Multigrain Bread to Buy. Brownberry Whole Grains Multi-Grain Bread ($5.69, Amazon.com) Dave's Killer Bread Organic 21 Whole Grains and Seeds ($19.95 per 2-pack, Amazon.com) 5. Rye Bread. Rye bread is made primarily …Use Type 480 flour for baking cookies, cakes, corn bread, tortes, brownies, pie crusts, quiche crusts, coffee cakes, waffles, etc. It is not a high gluten or high protein flour. Gluten content in Type 480 is typically 9%-10% and protein content is low. The mineral and nutrient count is also relatively low in comparison to carbohydrate count ...Add the bread flour and stir using the dough hook until a shaggy dough forms. Step 2: In a separate small mixing bowl, combine the melted butter and salt and whisk. Add the melted butter and salt mixture to the dough. Step 3: Knead the dough on low just until the dough comes together.Anna Quelhas/Shutterstock. Focaccia bread is a popular Italian flatbread that makes an ideal base for pizza. Thick, hearty focaccia stands up well to heavy toppings and has lots of holes and ...PAIN AU CHOCOLAT. Literally translated as ‘chocolate bread’, the pain au chocolat is made from the same dough as croissants, with a couple of cubes of dark chocolate tucked in the middle. Best served warm straight from the oven, it is also delicious cold. Try dipping it in your coffee for a truly French experience. Miam!Perform final proof/rise by resting the bread forms for about 30 minutes in a warm spot. Score the dough by making ¼-inch slits across each loaf with a razor blade or bread lame. Bake 20-25 minutes, rotating halfway through, as needed for even browning. Fully baked French bread will be crisp and golden brown.There are many types of French bread, all of which are delicious. Learn about them in this article, what they are made of and more!Traditional Pumpernickel Bread Made with rye flour and often wheat flour, pumpernickel can have a lower glycemic index. For example, according to a 2018 article, pumpernickel bread has a glycemic ...1. Baguettes- The classic French bread, baguettes are long and thin with a crisp, crusty exterior and a soft, fluffy interior. 2. Pain au levain- A sourdough bread that …Best tapioca flour: Udi’s Gluten-Free Millet-Chia Bread. Best seeded bread: Eban’s Bakehouse Fresh Baked Gluten-Free Seeded Bread. Best grain-free: Outer Aisle Gourmet Cauliflower Sandwich ...Jun 20, 2014 ... Instructions: · Combine the water, honey, salt and yeast in a glass bowl. · Next, add a bunch of flour. · Form the dough into a loaf shape.Mar 3, 2023 · French bread is one of the main defining symbols of French culture. In fact, with so many French bread types, there’s bread for every occasion, every mood and every taste! Between “tartines” (bread spread with butter or jam), a hearty loaf to accompany a meal, a cheese-filled bread or a croissant for an afternoon snack, the choice is endless. .